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Rugila the Hun died in c. 435, leaving his nephews Bleda and Attila to dictate their peace terms to the Romans. At about the same time, the Western generalissimo Aetius ceded parts of Pannonia to the Huns in return for Hunnic troops. With these reinforcements...

After crossing from Sicily to Calabria in August 1860, Garibaldi began marching north up the Italian peninsula, facing little resistance from the army of the Two Sicilies. Panicked, King Francis II fled for Gaeta in early September, abandoning Naples...

Concerned by the Vandal invasion of Africa (429–430), the Eastern Roman Empire sent an expeditionary force to assist the West against them. The combined Eastern and Western armies faced the Vandals near Hippo Regius in the summer of 431 but were defeated...

Following the expulsion of the British from Spain at Corunna in January 1809, Napoleon ordered Marshal Soult to launch a second invasion of Portugal. However, as Soult approached Porto in late March, the Portuguese retook the stronghold of Chaves, cutting...

In 434, feeling threatened by Rugila’s Huns, the Eastern Roman Empire recalled its general Aspar and his troops from Africa, where they had been campaigning against Gaiseric’s Vandals. As this left Africa vulnerable, the Western generalissimo Aetius...